仁爱八年级英语Unit 1 Past and present课件
一. 教学内容:
Unit 1 Past and present Graar
二. 教学目标:
掌握Unit1的语法: Present perfect tense 现在完成时的用法
(一)基本概念
1、定义
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
2、构成: have (has) +过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学们记忆。
3、句型:
现以see the fil为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下:
肯定句:I/u/We/The have seen the fil. He/She /It has seen the fil.
否定句:I/u/We/The have nt/ haven’t seen the fil.
He/ She/It has nt/hasn’t seen the fil.
疑问句:Have I/u/the seen the fil? es, u/ we/I/the have. N, u/ we/I/the haven’t.
Has he/she/it seen the fil? es, he/ she/ it has. N, he/ she/ it hasn’t.
(二)用法:现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在。
用法一:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与ust(刚刚),alread(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),befre(以前),et(仍然),nce(一次),twice(两次),an ties(很多次),hw an ties(多少次),s far(迄今为止),during the past(last)three ears(最近三年来)等连用。
※ 副词的位置:①ust常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has ust ce .
②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has+主语+ever +过去分词?“……曾经……过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have u ever been t the far?
④befre用于句末,The wan has never heard f that befre.
⑤et 用于句末或nt 之后. Has the train arrived et? N, nt et.
⑥alread用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have alread finished it.
⑦s far用于句首或句末. S far, we have visited the n.
用法二:表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有:
(三)现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间的状语(fr,since,hw lng, all ne’s life)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词。如:be,have,nw,live,wr,stud,learn,teach,eep,spea,tal,draw,wait,wear,wal,sleep,drive,write,d,clean等。
I have been a teacher fr nearl 20 ears. Hw lng has he lived here?
(四)延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用。如this rning,tda,this wee,these das
He has been t Beiing three ties this ear.
He has written tw letters this rning.(说话时间在上午)
He wrte tw letters this rning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
(五)英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间
就结束的.动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有:ce,g,arrive,reach,see,hear,clse,pen,leave,begin,start,lse,bu,fall,in,die,get up,bece,brrw,lend,find,finish,receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(hw lng,fr,since)连用。
He has ce bac.(√)
He has ce bac fr tw hurs.(×)
※ 但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如
I haven’t heard fr father fr a lng tie.
We haven’t seen hi since 1999.
(六)当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(hw lng,since,fr,all ne’s life)相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
(1)用副词ag把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
He has ce bac fr tw wees.(错)
改为: He cae bac tw wees ag.(正)
I have lst bie fr ten das. (错)
改为: I lst bie ten das ag. (正)
(2)用“It is / has been+时间+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has ined the League fr 3 ears. (错)
It is 3 ears since he ined the League.(正)
I have bught the b fr 5 das. (错)
It is 5 das since I bught the b. (正)
He has died fr 20 ears. (错)
It is 20 ears since he died. (正)
(3)用“时间+has passed+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has left he fr 20 ears.
改为: Twent ears has passed since he left he.
He has lst his pen fr 2 das.
改为: Tw das has passed since he lst his pen.
(4)用系表结构来改写.
He has died fr 20 ears.
改为: He has been dead fr 20 ears.
The factr has pened since 1999.
改为: The factr has been pen since 1999.
Hw lng has he left?
改为: Hw lng has he been awa?
(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
He has bught the b fr tw wees.
改为: He has had the b fr tw wees.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
brrw / lend→eep, bu→have, finish / end→be ver, arrive /ce / g / ve / reach /get t→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be n , pen→be pen , clse→be clsed, die→be dead , leave→be awa(fr), g t schl→be in schl / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get t nw→nw, lse→be lst, bece→be, return / ce bac / get bac→be bac, in→be in / be a…eber, in the ar→be in the ar /be a sldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cld→have a cld, begin t stud→stud
他参军已有三年。
He has ined the ar fr three ears.(错)
改为:
He has been in the ar fr three ears / since three ears ag.
He has been a sldier fr three ears / since three ears ag.
He ined the ar three ears ag.
It is three ears since he ined the ar.
Three ears has passed since he ined the ar.
(1)He cae t ur village tw ears ag.=He ur village since tw ears ag.
(2)He left he three das ag. =He he fr 3 das.
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