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定语从句课件(2)

教案 时间:2021-08-31 手机版

4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句

  1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

  例如:

  This is the house which we bought last month.

  这是我们上个月买的.那幢房子。(限制性)

  The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

  这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

  2)当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

  例如:

  Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

  查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

  My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

  我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

  This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

  这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

  3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

  例如:

  He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

  他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

  Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

  液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

   说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

5. 介词+关系词

  (1) 介词后面的关系词不能省略;

  (2) that前不能有介词;

  (3) 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此,常常可以和“介词|+which”结构交替使用。

  例如:

  This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago.

    这是我两年前住过的房子。

  Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?

    还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

6. as和which引导的非限定性定语从句

  由as和which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句。as一般放在句首,which在句中。

  例如:

  As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.

  如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

  太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们很重要。

  典型例题:

  1. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.

  A. it    B. that   C. which   D. he

  答案:C。此句为which引导的非限定性从句;that不能引导非限制性定语从句;it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。

  2. It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.

  A. that   B. which  C. as    D. it

  答案:B。as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:

  (1) as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可;

  (2) as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。

7. what/whatever; who/whoever; that/what

  (1) what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:

  What you want has been sent here. 你要的东西都送到这里来了。

  Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。

  (2) who = the person that;whoever = anyone who。例如:

  (错) Who breaks the law will be punished.

  (错) Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

  (对) Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。

  (对) Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。

  (3) that和what

  当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,that是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句中的that常可省略;what引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。

  例如:

  I think(that) you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。

  What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。

8. 关系代词that的用法

  (1) 不用that的情况:

  ●引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:

  The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(错)

    ●介词后不能用that。例如:

  We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

  We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

  (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况:

    ●在不定代词,如anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。例如:

  All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

    ●先行词有the only,the very修饰时,只用that。例如:

  He is the only person that attended the meeting. 他是唯一参加这个会议的人。

    ●先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时,只用that。例如:

  This is the most exciting film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最令人兴奋的电影。

    ●先行词既有人,又有物时。例如:

  They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 他们谈论着他们记得的人和事。

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